An Arab coalition immediately declared war on the Jewish state, but was unable to defeat Israel. The United Nations approved a plan for creating a Jewish nation alongside an Arab one in Palestine, and although the population of that country opposed partition, the state of Israel was established in 1948. When the full extent of the Nazi Holocaust against European Jews became clear after the war’s end, the revelations generated worldwide sympathy for the idea of a Jewish homeland in the Middle East. The Soviets tested an atomic bomb in 1949, and the ensuing nuclear arms race heightened the Cold War standoff. Germany was divided into four occupation zones by the victorious Allies the northeast quadrant became a Soviet satellite state called the German Democratic Republic. Between 19, Communist governments subservient to the Soviet Union were installed throughout Eastern Europe. The United States and the Soviet Union had been allies against Nazi Germany, but an extended period of hostilities between the two nations-referred to as the Cold War-dominated the politics of the postwar years. The United States had suffered far fewer losses than the other combatants, and wartime production had lifted its economy out of the Depression. The war devastated European society, bringing the era of European global dominance to a close as the United States emerged as the preeminent global power. World War II (1939–1945) set the stage for deep transformations in the world order. Introduction to The Postwar Era (1945–1960)
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